Additive Manufacturing in Construction
AMC TRR 277

Research

Focus area A “Materials and Processes”

Focus area A “Materials and Processes” centres on the investigation of basic principles for the development from scratch of unique AMC processes for concrete, steel, and timber. As mentioned above, the innovation potential of the proposal is based primarily on the merging of material and process developments produced in interdisciplinary research teams.
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Based on the state of research and the results of preliminary research projects carried out by the applicants, two groups of additive manufacturing technologies are considered promising for implementation in construction: (1) particle-bed 3D printing techniques and (2) deposition 3D printing techniques.
Particle-bed 3D printing techniques include selective cement activation (SCA) (A01) and selective paste intrusion (SPI) (A02) for concrete, as well as selective laser melting (SLM) (A06) for steel and individual layer fabrication (A08) for timber. Among the deposition techniques, extrusion 3D printing (A03) and shotcrete 3D printing (SC3DP) (A04) for concrete, as well as wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) (A07) for steel are considered.

Focus Area B “Computational Modelling and Control”

The experimentally driven investigations of focus area A ‘Materials and Processes‘ are enhanced by the corresponding projects of focus area B ‘Computational Modelling and Control’. All AM processes will be developed by taking into account assigned digital feedback obtained by computational modelling and process control.
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The aim of focus area B is the development of novel models and efficient discretisation schemes for numerical simulation of material–process interactions relevant to additive manufacturing processes in construction.
From the modelling point of view, the focus is on the rheological behaviour of concrete during extrusion (B02, B03) and on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of steel during selective laser melting (B01). On the computational side, a suite of discretisation procedures will be developed, including DEM, FEM, and Lattice Boltzmann methods. Additionally, the coupling of multiple discretisation techniques will be required due to the complexity of the described phenomena.
During the first funding period, primarily A projects A03, A04 and A07, for which sufficient information about the material behaviour is available from preliminary research, will be supported with modelling and simulations (B01-B03). In the course of the second funding period, the area of computational modelling will be expanded to all A projects. Furthermore, a special focus will be on process control and path planning for the robot-assisted AM techniques. Therefore, project B04 is tied to the robotic manufacturing methods of projects A04 and A05. Project B 05 is related to project A03. Kathrin Dörfler, freshly appointed professor for Digital Fabrication at TU Munich, will focus on the integration of mobile robots in the extrusion-based AM process of A03 by investigating the principles of mobile robotics for AM and the potential opportunities that these processes can bring to on-site construction.

Focus area C “Design and Construction”

Focus area C “Design and Construction” addresses the most important subjects related to the implementation of additive manufacturing in the process chain of design and construction. The interaction between digital models and physical objects forms the methodical relationship within TRR 277 and connects the focus areas A and C.
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This “digital/real relationship” will be addressed by physical demonstration objects with assigned digital twins (digital/real demonstrators).
This focus area provides feedback to the A projects by investigating novel design techniques and structural optimisation (C01, C02) as well as innovative assembling principles for additively manufactured structural elements (C05).
Project C 03 can be considered as a first attempt to integrate extended functions from the area of technical building equipment, building physics, and energy aspects. This research area will be expanded in the following funding periods.
Any information about building information modelling (BIM) will converge in project C04. The central research question of C04 is the investigation of the seamless digitalization in construction, and especially the clarification of the interface between planning and production. In project C04 the information from all the projects of focus area C meshes. In the second funding period, Christoph Herrmann (TUBS / IWF) will join the project to extend the BIM models with controlled material flow models in order to carry out ecological assessments.
The effects associated with the implementation of innovative AM processes in the construction industry will be addressed (C06). In this context, the feedback with respect to element configuration and dimensions of the additively manufactured large-scale structural elements, and the fact that constructions are always immovable, are of central importance. The questions of whether a higher degree of prefabrication due to AMC is a suitable goal or whether in-situ production will keep being of major importance in construction will be addressed in this project.
Finally, future job profiles for skilled workers as well as technical regulations in the area of AMC will be investigated in project C07. This is important for creating the prerequisites for this new technology to be accepted in the construction industry. AMC creates new job opportunities with significantly higher skill levels than traditional construction jobs. Moreover, for the application of additive manufacturing processes in construction practice, the development of adapted technical standards is of essential importance.

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Project A 01

Approach Visuals Figure 2: 3D printing of prismatic specimens for bending tensile and compressive strength / Credit: Dreßler, iBMB TU Braunschweig Figure 3: De-powdering of a printed column / Credit:…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Arno Kwade Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Lowke

Contributors

M. Sc. Evelien Dorresteijn M. Sc. Friedrich Herding M. Sc. Niklas Meier Dr.-Ing. Harald Zetzener
Project A 02

Figure 1: Production cycle of SPI with WAAM reinforcement: I) application of the WAAM reinforcement, II) spreading of the next aggregate layer, III) intrusion of the cement paste in the target layer,…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Gehlen Prof. Dr.-Ing. Arno Kwade Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael F. Zäh

Contributors

M. Sc. Siegfried Bähr M. Sc. Leigh Duncan Hamilton Dr.-Ing. Thomas Kränkel M. Sc. Felix Riegger M. Sc. Alexander Straßer Dr.-Ing. Harald Zetzener
Project A 03

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_A03_230601_TP_Poster_FP1 TRR277_A03_230601_TP_Poster_FP2 Extrusion of Near-Nozzle Mixed Concrete –Individually Graded in Density and in Rate of 3D Fibre Re…

Project leaders

PhD M.Sc. Freek Bos Prof. Dr.-Ing. Johannes Fottner Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Gehlen

Contributors

M. Sc. Maximilian Dahlenburg M. Sc. Maximilian Hechtl Dr.-Ing. Thomas Kränkel
Project A 04

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_A04_Poster_1-DFG-Begutachtung TRR277_A04_Poster_2-DFG-Begutachtung Integrated Additive Manufacturing Processes for Reinforced Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP)…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Dröder Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Lowke

Contributors

Dr.-Ing. Abtin Baghdadi M. Sc. David Böhler M. Sc. Martin David M. Sc. Robin Dörrie M. Sc. Niklas Freund M. Sc. Anna Marie Opolka M. Sc. Jennifer Rudolph
Project A 05

Half-covered real-scale case study for the combination of Core Winding Reinforcement and Shotcrete 3D Printing. The reinforcement layout was derived from principle stress analysis (overlay on the left…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Zurich Dipl. Ing. M.A. AA Norman Hack Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Hühne

Contributors

MAS ETH, M.Sc. Architecture Fatemeh Amiri M. Sc. Stefan Gantner M. Sc. Tom Rothe
Project A 06

Shape-optimized tensegrity node manufactured by PBF-LB/M (vibratory ground and polished) Shape-optimized tensegrity node manufactured by PBF-LB/M (as-built with support structure) Typical microstructu…

Project leaders

Dr.-Ing. Christina Radlbeck Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael F. Zäh

Contributors

M. Sc. Siegfried Bähr M. Sc. Jakob Blankenhagen M. Sc. Dorina Siebert M. Sc. David L. Wenzler
Project A 07

Node with minimum wall thickness and restricted overhang as constraints for topology optimisation using self-organising systems Anchorage structure produced by WAAM Thin-walled structure with one-side…

Project leaders

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jonas Hensel Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft Dr.-Ing. Julian Unglaub

Contributors

Dr. Kevin Höfer M. Sc. Hendrik Jahns M. Sc. Florian Jurke Dr.-Ing. Lukas Ledderose M. Sc. Marc Müggenburg
Project A 08 (completed)

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_A08_Poster_1-DFG-Begutachtung Structural Timber by Individual Layer Fabrication (ILF) In project A08 a novel fabrication process named ‘individual layer fa…

Project leaders

Dr. rer. nat. Frauke Bunzel Dr.-Ing. Klaudius Henke

Contributors

M. Sc. Carsten Aßhoff M. Sc. Birger Buschmann M. Sc. Daniel Talke

Project A 09

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_A09_230503_Poster FP2_Begutachtung_Vorlage-PRINTED Injection 3D Concrete Printing (I3DCP) – Material Efficient Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Structures B…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Zurich Dipl. Ing. M.A. AA Norman Hack Prof. Dr.-Ing. Inka Mai

Contributors

M. Sc. Yinan Xiao M. Sc. Jan-Phillip Zöllner

Project A 10

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_A10_Poster_1-DFG-Begutachtung     Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials In rec…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft Prof. Dr. (PhD) Alisa Machner

Contributors

M. Sc. Hannes Eichler M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar M. Sc. Ema Krakovska B. Sc. Sofia Tsiotou M. Sc. Diana Zavaleta
Project B 03

Taylor-Couette simulation of Bingham Fluid Phase-field simulation of falling droplet Granular Particle Image velocimetry of jet Phase-field simulation of jet Networking with other projects Poster TRR2…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Martin Geier Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Krafczyk

Contributors

Dr.-Ing. Konstantin Kutscher
Project B 04

Project Scope Website Path Planning Sensorization Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_B04_Poster_1-DFG-BegutachtungTRR277_B04_Poster_2-DFG-Begutachtung Process Control and Adaptive Path Plann…

Project leaders

Dr.-Ing. André Hürkamp Prof. Dr.-Ing. Annika Raatz

Contributors

M. Sc. Virama Ekanayaka M. Sc. Hauke Heeren
Project B 05

Figure 1: Mobile part-based AM: Fabrication scenario of a stay-in-place formwork carried out by a mobile robot. Figure 2: Two mobile robotic systems; left system is equipped with clay extrusion setup….

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler

Contributors

M. Sc. Gido Dielemans Dipl. Ing. Julia Fleckenstein M. Sc. David Richter

Project B 06

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_B06_Poster_2-DFG-Begutachtung   Material Modelling and Simulation of Deposition AM Processes on the Part Scale This project aims at providing a modell…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Jänicke Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Kollmannsberger

Contributors

Dr. Knut Andreas Meyer
Project C 01

Networking with other projects Poster TRR277_C01_Poster_1-DFG-ReviewTRR277_C01_Poster_2-DFG-Review Bridging Scales – From Geometric Part Details to Construction Elements Digital models for AM involve…

Project leaders

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Kollmannsberger

Contributors

M. Sc. Tim Bürchner M. Sc. Lisa Hug M. Sc. Oguz Oztoprak
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