Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Lowke

2025 | K. Dörfler, G. Dielemans, S. Leutenegger, S.E. Jenny, J. Pankert, J. Sustarevas, L. Lachmayer, A. Raatz, D. Lowke: Advancing construction in existing contexts: Prospects and barriers of 3d printing with mobile robots for building maintenance and repair Cement and Concrete Research, 186, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107656

2024|D. Lowke, A. Anton, R. Buswell, S.E. Jenny, R. J. Flatt, E.L. Fritschi, N. Hack, I. Mai, M. Popescu, H. Kloft: Digital fabrication with concrete beyond horizontal planar layers, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 186, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107663

2025 | N. Meier, F. Herding, H. Zetzener, I. Mai, D. Lowke, A. Kwade: Surface modification of bulk material for particle bed 3D concrete printing – Effect on wettability, porosity, and mechanical properties Advanced Powder Technology, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2025.105123

Data |Zenodo, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17641009

2024 | R. Dörrie, M. David, N. Freund, D. Lowke, K. Dröder, H. Kloft: Surface Processing of Shotcrete 3D Printed Concrete Elements Using a Rotating Trowel Disc–Influence of Timing on Resulting Surface Quality RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, pp. 397-404, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

2024 | R. Dörrie, H. Kloft, B. Sawicki, N. Freund, D. Lowke: Automated Reinforcement Integration in Shotcrete 3D Printing Through Green State Milling RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, pp. 319-326, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_37

Data | Photographs of cross-section of automated reinforcement integration in Shotcrete 3D Printing through green state milling, LeoPARD, 2024, https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202403201419-0

2024 |  J. V. Rudolph, D. Lowke: Design and Characterisation of a Two-Component Mortar System for Shotcrete 3D Printing: An Approach to the Targeted Control of Material Properties Proceedings of the RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, 217–224, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_26

2024 |F. Herding, D. Lowke: Improving the Dimensional Accuracy in Selective Cement Activation by w/c-Ratio Gradation Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_43

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. Thomson , R. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: FUNCTIONAL HYBRIDISATION IN CONCRETE BUILDING ENVELOPE ELEMENTS THROUGH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, 2024, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

2024 |F. Herding, D. Lowke: Improving the dimensional accuracy in selective cement activation by w/c-ratio gradation, Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication Munich, RILEM Bookseries, vol 53, Springer,  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_43

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. R. Thomsen, B. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: Functional hybridisation in concrete building envelope elements through additive manufacturing, Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, UCL Press, 2024, 196–205, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

2024 |N. Freund, M. David, K. Dröder, D. Lowke: Vibrated Short Rebar Insertion – The Effect of Integration Time on the Resulting Bond Quality, Proceedings of Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication (DC 2024), RILEM Bookseries, vol. 53, Springer, Cham, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_38.

2024 |D. Böhler, I. Mai, D. Lowke: Durability of 3D Printed Concrete: A Comparison of Extrusion 3D Printing, Shotcrete 3D Printing and Conventional Casting, Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication Munich, RILEM Bookseries, vol 53, Springer, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_33

2023 |D. Böhler, N. Freund, I. Mai, D. Lowke: Shotcrete 3D printing – effect of material‐process interaction on the global and local material density, ce/papers, 2023, 6, 770–776, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2822

2024 | J. Hitzegrad, L. Brohmann, F. Herding, K. Pfennings, S. Jonischkies, E. Scharnbeck, J. Mainka, I. Mai, C. Windt, H. Kloft, A. Wehrmann, D. Lowke, N. Goseberg: Surfaces of coastal biogenic structures: exploiting advanced digital design and fabrication strategies for the manufacturing of oyster reef and mussel bed surrogates, Front. Mar. Sci., 11:1395025, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1395025

2023 | David, M., Freund, N., Dröder, K., Lowke, D.: The effects of nozzle diameter and length on the resulting strand properties for shotcrete 3D printing. In: Material and Structures 56, 157 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02246-1

2023 | F. Herding, A. Strasser, D. Briels, D. Lowke, T. Kränkel: Experimental results for mechanical and thermal properties of SCA material, Dataset, TUM: Munich, 2023, https://doi.org/10.14459/2023mp1720074

2023 | R. Dörrie, N. Freund, E. Herrmann, A. Baghdadi, I., Mai, F. Galli, M. David, K. Dröder, D. Lowke, H. Kloft: Automated force-flow-oriented reinforcement integration for Shotcrete 3D Printing. In: Automation in Construction, 155, p.105075, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105075
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111806

2023 | N. Freund, M. David, D. Böhler, I. Mai, S. Ullmann, K. Dröder, D. Lowke: Shotcrete 3D Printing – Interaction of nozzle geometry, homogeneity and hardened concrete properties. In: International Conference on Building Materials (ibausil) 2023

2023 | D. Böhler, N. Freund, I. Mai, D. Lowke, D: Shotcrete 3D Printing – Effect of material-process interaction on the global and local material density. In: International Conference on Building Materials (ibausil) 2023

2023 | F. Herding, I. Mai, D. Lowke: Reduction of the cement content in Selective Cement Activation. In: ibausil 2023
https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2826

2023 | F. Herding, I. Mai, D. Lowke: Effect of Grain Size and Layer Thickness on Hardened State Properties in Selective Cement Activation. In: ibausil 2023
https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2816

2023 | D. Talke, B. Saile, N. Meier, F. Herding, I. Mai, H. Zetzener, A. Kwade, D. Lowke: Particle-bed 3D printing by selective cement activation – Influence of process parameters on particle-bed density. In: Cement and Concrete Research, 168. (2023)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107140

2022 | Lachmayer, L.; Böhler, D.; Freund, N.; Mai, I.; Lowke, D.; Raatz, A.: Modelling the influence of material and process parameters on shotcrete 3D printing strands – cross-section adjustment for automatic robotic manufacturing. Automation in Construction, Volume 145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104626

2022 | Lowke, D.; Gehlen, C.; Kloft, H.; Freund, N.; Matthäus, C.: Bewehrungskonzepte beim 3D-Druck von Konstruktionsbeton. In: BfT International, 02.2021, S. 92.

2022 | Dörfler, K.; Dielemans, G.; Lachmayer, L.; Recker, T.; Raatz, A.; Lowke, D.; Gerke, M.: Additive Manufacturing using mobile robots: Opportunities and challenges for building construction. In: Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 158, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2022.106772.

2022 | Böhler, D., Mai, I., Freund, N., Lachmayer, L., Raatz, A., Lowke, D.: Influence of Material and Process Parameters on Hardened State Properties of Shotcrete 3D-Printed Elements. In: Buswell, R., Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S., Kinnell, P. (eds) Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. DC 2022. RILEM Bookseries, vol 37. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06116-5_38

2022 | Herding, F., Mai, I., Lowke, D.: Effect of Curing in Selective Cement Activation. In: Buswell, R., Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S., Kinnell, P. (eds) Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. DC 2022. RILEM Bookseries, vol 37. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06116-5_42

2022 | Mai, I.; Lowke, D.; Perrot, A.: Fluid intrusion in powder beds for selective cement activation – an experimental and analytical study. In: Cement and Concrete Research, CCR 156 (106771), 2022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106771

2022 | Lowke, D.; Mai, I.; Keita, E.; Perrot, A.; Weger, D.; Gehlen, C.; Herding, F.; Zuo, Wenqiang; Roussel, N.: Material-process interactions in particle bed 3D printing and the underlying physics. In: Cement and Concrete Research, CCR 156 (106748), 2022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106748

2022 | Mai, I., Herding, F., Lowke, D.: Evaluating the Effect of Methyl Cellulose on Hardened State Properties in Selective Cement Activation. In: Buswell, R., Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S., Kinnell, P. (eds) Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. DC 2022. RILEM Bookseries, vol 37. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06116-5_43

2022 |Lowke, D.; Mai, I.; Keita, E.; Perrot, A.; Weger, D,; Gehlen, C.; Herding, F.; Zuo, W.; Roussel, N.: Material-process interactions in particle bed 3D printing and the underlying physics, In: Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 156, June 2022, 106748, DOI: http//:doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106748

2022 | Buswell, R. A.; Bos, F. P.; Leal da Silva, W. R.; Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.; Freund, N.; Fromm, A.; Dini, E.; Wangler, T.; Lloret-Fritschi, E.; Schipper, R.; Mechtcherine, V.; Perrot, A.; Vasilic, K.; Roussel, N.: Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials: Process Classification and Case Studies. In: Roussel, N. and Lowke, D. (2022). Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials (Reports 36). RILEM State-of-the-Art. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90535-4_2

2022 | Freund, N., & Lowke, D.: Interlayer Reinforcement in Shotcrete-3D-Printing: Interlayer Reinforcement in Shotcrete-3D-Printing: The Effect of Accelerator Dosage on the Resulting Bond Behavior of Integrated Reinforcement Bars. In: Open Conference Proceedings, 1, 83–95, 2022
https://doi.org/10.52825/ocp.v1i.72

2022 |Lowke, D.; Mai, I.; Perrot, A.: Fluid intrusion in powder beds for selective cement activation – An experimental and analytical study, In: Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 156, June 2022, 106748, DOI: http//:doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106771

2021 | Mai, I.; Brohmann, L.; Freund, N.; Gantner, S.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.; Hack, N.: Large Particle 3D Concrete Printing – A Green and Viable Solution. In: Materials, 14, 6125, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206125.

2021 | Lowke, D.: Injection 3D concrete printing in a carrier liquid – Underlying physics and applications to lightweight space frame structures. In: Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104169.

2021 | Lowke, D.; Gehlen, C.; Kloft, H.; Freund, N.; Matthäus, C.: Bewehrungskonzepte beim 3D-Druck von Konstruktionsbeton. In: BfT International, 02.2021, S. 92, 2021.

2021 | Gehlen, C.; Lowke, D.; Weger, D.; Dreßler, I.: Dauerhaftigkeit – Potenzial additiver Fertigung und Performance im Vergleich zu konventioneller Fertigung. In: BfT International, 02.2021, S. 94, 2021.

2021 | Weger, D.; Pierre, A.; Perrot, A.; Kränkel, T.; Lowke, D.; Gehlen, C.: Penetration of Cement Pastes into Particle-Beds: A Comparison of Penetration Models. In: Materials 2021, 14, 389. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020389.

2021 | Kloft, H., Gehlen, C., Dörfler, K., Hack, N., Henke, K., Lowke, D., Mainka, J. and Raatz, A. (2021), TRR 277: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen. In: Bautechnik, 98: 222-231. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202000113.

2020 | Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen: 3D-Betondruck als eine Schlüsseltechnologie für die Digitalisierung der Bauwirtschaft. In: Ingenieurbaukunst 2020 – Made in Germany, Jahrbuch der Bundesingenieurkammer, S. 178-183, 2020.

2020 | Kloft, H.; Krauss, H.-W.; Hack, N.; Herrmann, E.; Neudecker, S.; Varady, P.; Lowke, D.: Influence of process parameters on the interlayer bond strength of concrete elements additive manufactured by Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP). In: Cement and Concrete Research 134, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106078.

2020 | Kloft, H.; Empelmann, M.; Hack, N.; Herrmann, E. Lowke, D.: Bewehrungsstrategien für den Beton-3D-Druck. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 115, 2020. – DOI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/best.202000032.

2020 | Freund, N.; Dressler, I.; Lowke, D.: Studying the Bond Properties of Vertical Integrated Short Reinforcement in the Shotcrete 3D Printing Process. In: RILEM Bookseries 28, pp. 612–621, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_62.

2020 | Dressler, I.; Freund, N.; Lowke, D.: Control of Strand Properties Produced with Shotcrete 3D Printing by Accelerator Dosage amd Process Parameters. In: RILEM Bookseries 28, pp. 42–52, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_5.

2020 | Lowke, D.; Talke, D.; Dreßler, I.; Weger, D.; Gehlen, C.; Ostertag, C.; Rael, R.: Particle bed 3D printing by selective cement activation – Applications, material and process technology. In: Cement and Concrete Research 134,2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106077.

2020 | Buswell, R.A.; Leal da Silva; W.R.; Bos, F.P.; Schipper, H.R.; Lowke, D.; Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Mechtcherine, V.; Wangler, T.; Roussel, N.: A process classification framework for defining and describing Digital Fabrication with Concrete. In: Cement and Concrete Research 134, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106068.

2020 | Dreßler, I.; Freund, N.; Lowke, D.: The Effect of Accelerator Dosage on Fresh Concrete Properties and on Interlayer Strength in Shotcrete 3D Printing. In: Materials 2020, 13, 374, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020374.

2020 | Lowke, D.: Herausforderungen für einen traditionellen Werkstoff auf dem Weg in die Zukunft – Digitaler Beton. In: BFT International, 02-2020, Vol. 86, S. 75, 2020.

2020 | Hack, N.; Dressler, I.; Brohmann, L.; Gantner, S.; Lowke, D.; Kloft, H.: Injection 3D Concrete Printing (I3DCP): Basic Principles and Case Studies. In: Materials 2020, 13, 1093, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051093.