Project A 10 Archives - Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277 https://amc-trr277.de/focus-area-project/focus-area-a10/ AMC TRR 277 Tue, 27 Jan 2026 14:34:39 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.5 Project A 10 https://amc-trr277.de/projects/project-area-a/focus-area-project-a10/ Mon, 05 Feb 2024 10:49:33 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=projects&p=6977 The post Project A 10 appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

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Networking with other projects

Poster

TRR277_A10_Poster_1-DFG-Begutachtung

 

 

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

In recent years, research and development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the domain of architecture, engineering, and construction has greatly increased, with a large variety of process technologies, but with a strong focus on cementitious materials. While such additive processes allow for zero-waste production and the overall minimization of material consumption, the primary use of cement-based products still brings with it concerns of remaining environmental impacts in terms of high CO2 emissions, high embodied energy, and depletion of natural resources. These concerns are motivating the exploration of earthen materials as an alternative to cement-based construction methods and the re-approach to earthen materials and historic earth building methods in novel Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) processes. Earth-based materials are traditionally made from variable mixtures of clays, which act as a binder in the mixture, aggregates, and water, with optional additions of natural fibres, e.g., straw or hemp.

Aim

The main objective of this research is the conception and investigation of EAM processes, based on the characterization of earth-based material mixtures for two novel processes, namely a) Sprayed Earth Additive Manufacturing (SEAM) as a deposition-based EAM process, and b) Intrusion Earth Additive Manufacturing (IEAM) as a particle-bed-based EAM process, and their evaluation in large-scale architectural applications. Expected outcomes of the research, based on the WPs, are: Firstly, the investigation of the applicability of various earth-based materials for AM processes as well as the general characterization of earth-based binders and material mixtures for EAM in terms of their pumpability, buildability, shrinkage behaviour, and compressive strength. Secondly, the design and implementation of two exemplary EAM processes and exploration of different earth-based binders and material combinations therein. Lastly, the exploration of these EAM technologies for geometrically differentiated architectural components that can combine insulation and load transfer, and the validation of the proposed technologies through exemplary fabrication experiments and demonstrators at full construction scale.

 

Networking with other projects

To fundamentally investigate the potentials of EAM, this research project is strongly linked to other research areas within the TRR 277: Firstly, to projects developing concrete AM technology in Focus Area A, in particular A04, to transfer knowledge gained in SC3DP to earth spraying, and A02, respectively, to transfer knowledge gained in SPI to earth intrusion, as well as A03, to evaluate near-nozzle mixing systems for both processes. In return, the cement reduction potential using calcined clays will feed back to these projects and benefit them accordingly. Another opportunity within Focus Area A is an association between A10 and A05, in which the applicability of fibre reinforcement in EAM can be explored. Secondly, this project aims to create links to projects in Focus Area B, in particular with B05, in which process-related design limitations of spraying earthen materials could be overcome by the implementation of mobile robots. Thirdly, the general applicability of EAM for the building scale is examined in collaboration with projects of Focus Area C. Here, a special focus is given to the evaluation of the building physics potential (with C03), the possibility of component prefabrication and jointing techniques (with C05), as well as the evaluation of the ecological sustainability potential (with C09). These links aim to work as an interaction and mutual feedback for the fundamental advancement of each of the individual research projects. In addition, project A10 cooperates with Project Ö through technical consulting and sharing of research results toward the development of learning activities. Results of the learning activities are reflected back to A10 by Project Ö.

 

Project leaders

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler

See profile

AMC Board
Project leader

Dörfler, Kathrin Prof. Dr. sc. ETH

leads the scientific staff in the conception and execution of the research, and in questions of validation of the proposed methods. She is also responsible for the coordination of the cooperating research projects in the TRR 277. She is the Co-Spokesperson of the TRR 277. Dörfler supports Kloft as contact person for the DFG, in general public relation matters and also in representing the TRR 277 externally. Internally, Dörfler assists Kloft in the coordination between the research projects, as well as in the decisions on the financing of research tasks in the TRR 277.

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Project B 05

Principles of Mobile Robotics for Additive Manufacturing in Construction

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – Projekt Ö

Learning, Sustainability, Design: Gender-equitable introduction of AMC to the public

Central tasks
Overview Central tasks of the AMC

Central Tasks of the AMC

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft

See profile

AMC Board
Project leader

Kloft, Harald Prof. Dr.-Ing.

leads the scientific staff in the orientation and execution of the design process creation and supports them in an advisory capacity in the creation of test geometries and demonstrators. He is responsible for the content and organisational coordination of all work on the part of ITE. He instructs the research engineer at ITE in the conceptual structure, execution and evaluation of the theoretical and experimental research work. He is the spokesperson of the TRR 277.

Project(s)

Project A 04

Integrated Additive Manufacturing Processes for Reinforced Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP) Elements with Precise Surface Quality

Project A 07

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of Complex Individualized Steel Components

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Project C 05

Jointing Principles for Combination of Concrete Elements Produced by Different Additive Manufacturing Processes

Central tasks
Overview Central tasks of the AMC

Central Tasks of the AMC

Prof. Dr. (PhD) Alisa Machner

See profile

Project leader

Machner, Alisa Prof. Dr. (PhD)

is Professor at School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering – Technical University of Munich. In her doctoral research the focus is on dolomite calcined clay composite cement.

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Contributors

M. Sc. Hannes Eichler

See profile

Eichler, Hannes M. Sc.

is a structural engineer and doctoral researcher at the TUB Institute for Structural Design (ITE). He is responsible for Project A10 where he is researching on Sprayed Earth Additive Manufacturing (SEAM). This includes general investigations on earthen constructions as well as development of the SEAM process and the optimization of material-process interactions. Within the project, he will carry o…

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar

See profile

Gosslar, Joschua M.Sc.

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler AMC Board Project leader Current location: TU München Institute: TT-Professorship Digital Fabrication OrcidiD: 0000-0001-6557-5604 doerfler@tum.de M. Sc. Hannes Eichler Current location: TU Braunschweig Institute: Institute of Structural Design OrcidiD: 0009-0003-1967-411X hannes.eichler@tu-braunschweig.de M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar Current location: TU Braunschweig In…

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

M. Sc. Ema Krakovska

See profile

Krakovska, Ema M. Sc.

Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler AMC Board Project leader Current location: TU München Institute: TT-Professorship Digital Fabrication OrcidiD: 0000-0001-6557-5604 doerfler@tum.de M. Sc. Hannes Eichler Current location: TU Braunschweig Institute: Institute of Structural Design OrcidiD: 0009-0003-1967-411X hannes.eichler@tu-braunschweig.de M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar Current location: TU Braunschweig In…

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

M. Sc. Sofia Tsiotou

See profile

Tsiotou, Sofia M. Sc.

is a doctoral researcher at the TUM Professorship of Mineral Construction Materials with a focus on clays and clay minerals for the purposes of the A10 project.

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

M. Sc. Diana Zavaleta

See profile

Zavaleta, Diana M. Sc.

is a civil engineer and doctoral researcher at the TU Braunschweig Institute for Structural Design (ITE). She is responsible for Project A10, where she is conducting research on Sprayed Earth Additive Manufacturing (SEAM). Her work involves exploring earthen construction techniques, enhancing the SEAM process, and optimizing material-process interactions. Within this project, she focuses on materi…

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Related Publications

Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion,

2024 |E. Krakovska, D. Briels, A. Straßer, T. Kränkel, T. Auer, C. Gehlen, P. D´Acunto, K. Dörfler: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion

2024 | E. Krakovska: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures

2024 | S. Cutajar, G. Dieleman, E. Krakovska: Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures Constr Robot 8, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-024-00120-2

Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete

2024|A. Perrot, Y. Jacquet, J.F. Caron, R. Mesnil, N. Ducoulombier, V. De Bono, J. Sanjayan, S. Ramakrishnan, H. Kloft, J. Gosslar, S. Muthukrishnan: Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials: Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 185, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107651

Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications

2025 | S. Tsiotou, A. Machner, M. Maier: Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications Proceedings of Earth Builder Summit 2025 (EBS2025), 2025, pp. 180–185, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.3301

More projects of
Focus Area A

Project A 01

Particle-Bed 3D Printing by Selective Cement Activation (SCA) – Sustainability, process enhancement and material models

Project A 02

Particle-Bed 3D Printing by Selective Cement Paste Intrusion (SPI) – Particle Surface Functionalisation, Particle Synthesis and Integration of WAAM Reinforcement

Project A 03

Extrusion of Near-Nozzle Mixed Concrete –Individually Graded in Density and in Rate of 3D Fibre Reinforcement

Project A 04

Integrated Additive Manufacturing Processes for Reinforced Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP) Elements with Precise Surface Quality

Project A 05

Integration of Individualized Prefabricated Fibre Reinforcement in Additive Manufacturing with Concrete

Project A 06

Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (LPBF) of Steel Elements for Construction – Basics of Design and Mechanical Resilience.

Project A 07

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of Complex Individualized Steel Components

Project A 08 (completed)

Structural Timber by Individual Layer Fabrication (ILF)

Project A 09

Injection 3D Concrete Printing (I3DCP) – Material Efficient Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on Spatially Complex Strut-and-Tie-Models

The post Project A 10 appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion, https://amc-trr277.de/amc-publikation/functionally-hybridised-lightweight-concrete-components-monolithic-building-construction-using-selective-paste-intrusion-2/ Tue, 27 Jan 2026 14:34:39 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=amc-publikation&p=8354 2024 |E. Krakovska, D. Briels, A. Straßer, T. Kränkel, T. Auer, C. Gehlen, P. D´Acunto, K. Dörfler: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

The post Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion, appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> 2024 |E. Krakovska, D. Briels, A. Straßer, T. Kränkel, T. Auer, C. Gehlen, P. D´Acunto, K. Dörfler: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

The post Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion, appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion https://amc-trr277.de/amc-publikation/functionally-hybridised-lightweight-concrete-components-monolithic-building-construction-using-selective-paste-intrusion/ Tue, 27 Jan 2026 12:23:08 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=amc-publikation&p=8352 2024 | E. Krakovska: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

The post Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> 2024 | E. Krakovska: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

The post Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures https://amc-trr277.de/amc-publikation/upscaling-earth-formworks-3d-printing-strategies-for-material-optimised-reinforced-concrete-structures/ Tue, 27 Jan 2026 12:12:56 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=amc-publikation&p=8351 2024 | S. Cutajar, G. Dieleman, E. Krakovska: Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures Constr Robot 8, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-024-00120-2

The post Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> 2024 | S. Cutajar, G. Dieleman, E. Krakovska: Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures Constr Robot 8, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-024-00120-2

The post Upscaling earth formworks: 3D printing strategies for material optimised reinforced concrete structures appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete https://amc-trr277.de/amc-publikation/snapshot-on-3d-printing-with-alternative-binders-and-materials-earth-geopolymers-gypsum-and-low-carbon-concrete/ Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:57:38 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=amc-publikation&p=8346 2024|A. Perrot, Y. Jacquet, J.F. Caron, R. Mesnil, N. Ducoulombier, V. De Bono, J. Sanjayan, S. Ramakrishnan, H. Kloft, J. Gosslar, S. Muthukrishnan: Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials: Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete, Cement...

The post Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> 2024|A. Perrot, Y. Jacquet, J.F. Caron, R. Mesnil, N. Ducoulombier, V. De Bono, J. Sanjayan, S. Ramakrishnan, H. Kloft, J. Gosslar, S. Muthukrishnan: Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials: Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 185, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107651

The post Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler https://amc-trr277.de/trr277-people/prof-dr-sc-kathrin-eth-doerfler/ Thu, 25 Nov 2021 09:36:15 +0000 http://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=person&p=3494 leads the scientific staff in the conception and execution of the research, and in questions of validation of the proposed methods. She is also responsible for the coordination of the cooperating research projects in the TRR 277. She is the Co-Spokesperson of the TRR 277. Dörfler supports Kloft as contact person for the DFG, in general public relation matters and also in representing the TRR 277 externally. Internally, Dörfler assists Kloft in the coordination between the research projects, as well as in the decisions on the financing of research tasks in the TRR 277.

The post Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

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Prof. Dr. sc. ETH Kathrin Dörfler

AMC Board
Project leader
Current location: TU München
Institute: TT-Professorship Digital Fabrication
OrcidiD: 0000-0001-6557-5604

doerfler@tum.de

leads the scientific staff in the conception and execution of the research, and in questions of validation of the proposed methods. She is also responsible for the coordination of the cooperating research projects in the TRR 277. She is the Co-Spokesperson of the TRR 277.

Dörfler supports Kloft as contact person for the DFG, in general public relation matters and also in representing the TRR 277 externally. Internally, Dörfler assists Kloft in the coordination between the research projects, as well as in the decisions on the financing of research tasks in the TRR 277.

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Project B 05

Principles of Mobile Robotics for Additive Manufacturing in Construction

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – Projekt Ö

Learning, Sustainability, Design: Gender-equitable introduction of AMC to the public

Central tasks
Overview Central tasks of the AMC

Central Tasks of the AMC

Publications

2025 |A. Keune, E. Manz, C.Y.J. Siry, J. Rowsell, K. Dörfler, K. Kumpulainen, K. Peppler, M. Schalk, N. Thompson, P. D´Acunto, S. Wilmes, S. Jurow: Design Future(s) Collective: New Directions for Educational Design Research 19th International Conference of the Learning Sciences—ICLS, 2025, https://doi.org/10.22318/icls2025.253440

 

2024 |E. Krakovska, D. Briels, A. Straßer, T. Kränkel, T. Auer, C. Gehlen, P. D´Acunto, K. Dörfler: Functionally Hybridised Lightweight Concrete Components: Monolithic Building Construction Using Selective Paste Intrusion Digital Concrete 2024, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_41

2024 | G. Dielemans, L. Lachmayer, N. Khader, N. Hack, A. Raatz, K. Dörfler: Robotic Repair: In-Place 3D Printing for Repair of Building Components Using a Mobile Robot Construction 3D Printing, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64269-2_20

2025 | K. Dörfler, G. Dielemans, S. Leutenegger, S.E. Jenny, J. Pankert, J. Sustarevas, L. Lachmayer, A. Raatz, D. Lowke: Advancing construction in existing contexts: Prospects and barriers of 3d printing with mobile robots for building maintenance and repair Cement and Concrete Research, 186, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107656

 

2025 | A. Keune, Z. Simsic, H.Kloft, k. Dörfler: AMC Edu:Lab Design to Learn About Additive Manufacturing in Construction, Proceedings of the 24th Interaction Design and Children, 2025, . https://doi.org/10.1145/3713043.3728843

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. Thomson , R. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: FUNCTIONAL HYBRIDISATION IN CONCRETE BUILDING ENVELOPE ELEMENTS THROUGH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, 2024, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

 

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. R. Thomsen, B. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: Functional hybridisation in concrete building envelope elements through additive manufacturing, Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, UCL Press, 2024, 196–205, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

2023 | G. Dielemans, L. Lachmayer, N. Kadher, N. Hack, A. Raatz, K. Dörfler: Robotic Repair: In-place 3D Printing for Repair of Building Components using a Mobile Robot. In: 4th International Conference on 3D Construction Printing (4th 3DcP), Singapore; Springer.

2023 | D. Briels, M. Renz, A. Nouman, A. Straßer, M. Hechtl, M. Dahlenburg, B. Knychalla, P. Sonnleitner, F. Herding, J. Fleckenstein, E. Krakovská, K. Dörfler, T. Auer: Monolithic AM Façade: Multi-Objective Parametric Design Optimization of Additively Manufactured Insulating Wall Elements. In: Frontiers in Built Environment ., vol. 9, 2023 doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1286933

2022 | Dielemans, G.; Lachmayer, L.; Recker, T.; Atanasova, L.; Hechtl, M.; Matthäus, C.; Raatz, A.; Dörfler, K.: Mobile Additive Manufacturing: A Case Study of Clay Formwork for Bespoke in Situ Concrete Construction. In: Buswell, R., Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S., Kinnell, P. (eds) Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. DC 2022. RILEM Bookseries, vol 37. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06116-5_3

2022 | Dörfler, K.; Dielemans, G.; Lachmayer, L.; Recker, T.; Raatz, A.; Lowke, D.; Gerke, M.: Additive Manufacturing using mobile robots: Opportunities and challenges for building construction. In: Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 158, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2022.106772.

2022 | Lachmayer, Recker, T.; Dielemans, G.; Dörfler, K.; Raatz, A.: Autonomous sensing and localization of a mobile robot for multi-step additive manufacturing in construction. In: 24th International society for photogrammetry and remote sensing, 2022
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2022-453-2022

2021 | Borrmann, A.; Bruckmann, T.; Dörfler, K.; Hartmann, T.; Smarsly, K.: Towards realizing the information backbone of robotized construction – Computational methods and cyber-physical architectures for collaborative robotic fleets. In: Proc. of the CIB W78 Conference, 2021.

2021 | Dielemans, G., Briels, D., Jaugstetter, F., Henke, K., Dörfler, K.: Additive Manufacturing of Thermally Enhanced Lightweight Concrete Wall Elements with Closed Cellular Structures. In: Journal of Facade Design & Engineering, 9(1), 59–72. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.7480/jfde.2021.1.5418.

2021 | Dielemans, G., Dörfler, K.: Mobile Additive Manufacturing: a robotic system for cooperative on-site construction. In: IROS 2021 Workshop Robotic Fabrication: Sensing in Additive Construction, 2021.

2021 | Kloft, H., Gehlen, C., Dörfler, K., Hack, N., Henke, K., Lowke, D., Mainka, J. and Raatz, A. (2021), TRR 277: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen. In: Bautechnik, 98: 222-231. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202000113.

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]]> Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications https://amc-trr277.de/amc-publikation/exploring-the-role-of-clay-minerals-in-earth%e2%80%90based-binders-for-earth-additive-manufacturing-eam-applications/ Mon, 07 Apr 2025 12:49:14 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=amc-publikation&p=7838 2025 | S. Tsiotou, A. Machner, M. Maier: Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications Proceedings of Earth Builder Summit 2025 (EBS2025), 2025, pp. 180–185, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.3301

The post Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> 2025 | S. Tsiotou, A. Machner, M. Maier: Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications Proceedings of Earth Builder Summit 2025 (EBS2025), 2025, pp. 180–185, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.3301

The post Exploring the Role of Clay Minerals in Earth‐based Binders for Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) Applications appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]> M. Sc. Hannes Eichler https://amc-trr277.de/trr277-people/m-sc-hannes-eichler/ Fri, 14 Jun 2024 18:45:53 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=trr277-people&p=7304 is a structural engineer and doctoral researcher at the TUB Institute for Structural Design (ITE). He is responsible for Project A10 where he is researching on Sprayed Earth Additive Manufacturing (SEAM). This includes general investigations on earthen constructions as well as development of the SEAM process and the optimization of material-process interactions. Within the project, he will carry out experimental studies and systematically evaluate the data in order to determine the key parameters of the SEAM process. In addition, he will design and investigate suitable applications in the context of construction in collaboration with other sub-projects.

The post M. Sc. Hannes Eichler appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

]]>

M. Sc. Hannes Eichler

Current location: TU Braunschweig
Institute:
Institute of Structural Design
OrcidiD: 0009-0003-1967-411X

hannes.eichler@tu-braunschweig.de

is a structural engineer and doctoral researcher at the TUB Institute for Structural Design (ITE). He is responsible for Project A10 where he is researching on Sprayed Earth Additive Manufacturing (SEAM). This includes general investigations on earthen constructions as well as development of the SEAM process and the optimization of material-process interactions. Within the project, he will carry out experimental studies and systematically evaluate the data in order to determine the key parameters of the SEAM process. In addition, he will design and investigate suitable applications in the context of construction in collaboration with other sub-projects.

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Publications

2026 | H.Eichler, B.Sawicki, H.Kloft: Hybrid wire and arc additive manufactured I-section beams: assessment of material efficiency and carbon footprint, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2026, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-025-01380-7

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]]> M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar https://amc-trr277.de/trr277-people/m-sc-feres-grati-2/ Thu, 14 Mar 2024 12:22:11 +0000 https://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=trr277-people&p=6567 The post M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar appeared first on Additive Manufacturing in Construction (AMC) TRR277.

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M.Sc. Joschua Gosslar

Current location: TU Braunschweig
Institute: Institute of Structural Design
OrcidiD: 0000-0002-7060-0007

j.gosslar@tu-braunschweig.de

Project(s)

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

2024|A. Perrot, Y. Jacquet, J.F. Caron, R. Mesnil, N. Ducoulombier, V. De Bono, J. Sanjayan, S. Ramakrishnan, H. Kloft, J. Gosslar, S. Muthukrishnan: Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials: Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 185, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107651

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]]> Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft https://amc-trr277.de/trr277-people/prof-dr-ing-harald-kloft/ Thu, 25 Nov 2021 09:52:43 +0000 http://amc-trr277.de/?post_type=person&p=3519 leads the scientific staff in the orientation and execution of the design process creation and supports them in an advisory capacity in the creation of test geometries and demonstrators. He is responsible for the content and organisational coordination of all work on the part of ITE.
He instructs the research engineer at ITE in the conceptual structure, execution and evaluation of the theoretical and experimental research work.
He is the spokesperson of the TRR 277.

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft

AMC Board
Project leader
Current location: TU Braunschweig
Institute: Institute of Structual Design

ite@tu-bs.de

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Kloft leads the scientific staff in the orientation and execution of the design process creation and supports them in an advisory capacity in the creation of test geometries and demonstrators. He is responsible for the content and organisational coordination of all work on the part of ITE.
He instructs the research engineer at ITE in the conceptual structure, execution and evaluation of the theoretical and experimental research work.
He is the spokesperson of the TRR 277. He serves as contact person for the DFG and represents the TRR 277 externally. Internally, Prof. Kloft is chairman of the executive board of TRR 277 as well as of the project leaders and the general assembly. He is responsible for the management and settlement of funds and for the convening of board meetings and general meetings in cooperation with 3). Additionally, he is involved in the coordination between the research projects and oversees the aims of TRR 277. Prof. Kloft is also responsible, assisted by 2), for the coordination of general public relation matters in close cooperation with the communication facilities TUBS Communications and Press Service (TUBS-CPS) and the TUM Corporate Communications Center (TUM CCC).

Project(s)

Project A 04

Integrated Additive Manufacturing Processes for Reinforced Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP) Elements with Precise Surface Quality

Project A 07

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of Complex Individualized Steel Components

Project A 10

Earth Additive Manufacturing (EAM) – Material and Process Combinations for AM with Earth-based Materials

Project C 05

Jointing Principles for Combination of Concrete Elements Produced by Different Additive Manufacturing Processes

Central tasks
Overview Central tasks of the AMC

Central Tasks of the AMC

Publications

2025 | L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: First Investigations on WAAM-Printed Adhesive Sockets for Reinforcement Connections Open Conference Proceedings, 7, 2025, https://doi.org/10.52825/ocp.v7i.2788

Data | Zenodo, 2026, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18394837

2025 | R. Dörrie, L. Lachmayer, A. Baghdadi, M. David, K. Dröder, A. Raatz, H. Kloft: Investigation on process guidelines and geometric capabilities for robust shotcrete 3D printing, Materials & Design, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115050

Data | LeoPARD, 2025, https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202510271126-0

2024|A. Perrot, Y. Jacquet, J.F. Caron, R. Mesnil, N. Ducoulombier, V. De Bono, J. Sanjayan, S. Ramakrishnan, H. Kloft, J. Gosslar, S. Muthukrishnan: Snapshot on 3D printing with alternative binders and materials: Earth, geopolymers, gypsum and low carbon concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 185, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107651

2024|L. Gebhard, J. Mata-Falcon, R. Ammann, N. Preßmair, B. Kromoser, C. Menna, A. Baghdadi, H. Kloft, M. Gabriel, M. Walch, W. Kaufmann: Enhancing structural efficiency with digital concrete – Principles, opportunities and case studies, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 185, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107645

2024|H. Kloft, B. Sawicki, F. Bos, R. Dörrie, N. Freund, S. Gantner, L. Gebhard, N. Hack, E. Ivaniuk, J. Kruger, W. Kaufmann: Interaction of reinforcement, process, and form in Digital Fabrication with Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 186, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107640

2024|D. Lowke, A. Anton, R. Buswell, S.E. Jenny, R. J. Flatt, E.L. Fritschi, N. Hack, I. Mai, M. Popescu, H. Kloft: Digital fabrication with concrete beyond horizontal planar layers, Cement and Concrete Research Volume 186, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107663

2025 | A. Keune, Z. Simsic, H.Kloft, k. Dörfler: AMC Edu:Lab Design to Learn About Additive Manufacturing in Construction, Proceedings of the 24th Interaction Design and Children, 2025, . https://doi.org/10.1145/3713043.3728843

2026 | H.Eichler, B.Sawicki, H.Kloft: Hybrid wire and arc additive manufactured I-section beams: assessment of material efficiency and carbon footprint, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2026, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-025-01380-7

2025 | R. Dörrie, L. Lachmayer, A. Baghdadi, M. David, K. Dröder, A. Raatz, H. Kloft: Investigation on process guidelines and geometric capabilities for robust shotcrete 3D printing Materials & Design, 2025, 115050, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115050

Data |LeoPARD, 2025, https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202510271126-0

2024 | R. Dörrie, M. David, N. Freund, D. Lowke, K. Dröder, H. Kloft: Surface Processing of Shotcrete 3D Printed Concrete Elements Using a Rotating Trowel Disc–Influence of Timing on Resulting Surface Quality RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, pp. 397-404, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

2024 | R. Dörrie, H. Kloft, B. Sawicki, N. Freund, D. Lowke: Automated Reinforcement Integration in Shotcrete 3D Printing Through Green State Milling RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, pp. 319-326, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_37

Data | Photographs of cross-section of automated reinforcement integration in Shotcrete 3D Printing through green state milling, LeoPARD, 2024, https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202403201419-0

2024 | A. Baghdadi, L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: Application of Water Jet Cutting and Optimization Problems in the Development of a New Concrete Construction System, Proceedings of the IASS 2024 Symposium “Redefining the Art of Structural Design”, Zurich, 26–30 August 2024, https://app.iass2024.org/files/IASS_2024_Paper_1.pdf

Data | LeoPARD, 2025, https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00079020

2024 | A. Baghdadi, L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: Proposing New Standard and ANFIS Calculation Approaches for Structural Optimization of Multi-Floor Buildings: A Hybrid Numerical and Soft Computing Method, Buildings, 14(10), 3298, 2024, , https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103298.

Data | LeoPARD, 2025, https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00079018.

2024 | A. Baghdadi, F. Salehi Amiri, C. Jantzen, H. Kloft: Integration of Augmented Reality for Enhanced Visualization and Analysis in Bridge Engineering, Towards Real-Time Optimization in Structural and Architectural Design, Proceedings of the IASS 2024 Symposium “Redefining the Art of Structural Design”, Zurich, 26–30 August 2024, https://app.iass2024.org/files/IASS_2024_Paper_17.pdf.

Data | LeoPARD, 2024, https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00079021

2024 | A. Baghdadi, L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: Proposal and parametric investigations of square steel tubes as post-tensioned connectors for linear-shaped precast concrete elements, Structures, Vol. 69, Elsevier, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.107295.

Data | LeoPARD, 2024, https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00079019

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. Thomson , R. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: FUNCTIONAL HYBRIDISATION IN CONCRETE BUILDING ENVELOPE ELEMENTS THROUGH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, 2024, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

 

2024 |J. Fleckenstein, B. Knychalla, D. Briels, A. Baghdadi, G. Placzek, F. Herding, P. Schwerdtner, T. Auer, D. Lowke, H. Kloft, K. Dörfler, P. Ayres, M. R. Thomsen, B. Sheil, M. Skavara: BREUER X AM: Functional hybridisation in concrete building envelope elements through additive manufacturing, Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures, UCL Press, 2024, 196–205, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.11374766.29

2024 | J. Unglaub, M. Müggenburg, H. Jahns, H. Kloft, J. Hensel, K. Thiele: Towards a Digital Twin to Enable First Time Right DED-Arc Components, Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication Munich, RILEM Bookseries, vol 53, Springer, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6 51

2024 | L. Lachmayer, J. Quantz, H. Heeren, T. Recker, R. Dörrie, H. Kloft, A. Raatz: A spatial multi-layer control concept for strand geometry control in robot-based additive manufacturing processes Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication Munich, RILEM Bookseries, vol 53, Springer, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_14

2024 | L. Lachmayer, T. Recker, L. Dittrich, R. Dörrie, H. Kloft, A. Raatz: Inline image-based reinforcement detection for concrete additive manufacturing processes using a convolutional neural network Proceedings of the 41st ISARC,2024 https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2024/0007

Data | ReinforcementInFoam_Image_Dataset, Zenodo, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15096976.

2024 | J. Hitzegrad, L. Brohmann, F. Herding, K. Pfennings, S. Jonischkies, E. Scharnbeck, J. Mainka, I. Mai, C. Windt, H. Kloft, A. Wehrmann, D. Lowke, N. Goseberg: Surfaces of coastal biogenic structures: exploiting advanced digital design and fabrication strategies for the manufacturing of oyster reef and mussel bed surrogates, Front. Mar. Sci., 11:1395025, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1395025

2023 | R. Dörrie, N. Freund, E. Herrmann, A. Baghdadi, I., Mai, F. Galli, M. David, K. Dröder, D. Lowke, H. Kloft: Automated force-flow-oriented reinforcement integration for Shotcrete 3D Printing. In: Automation in Construction, 155, p.105075, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105075
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111806

2022 | R. Dörrie, V. Laghi, L. Arrè, G. Kienbaum, N. Babovic, N. Hack, H. Kloft: Combined Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Adaptive Coastline Protection Structures. In: Buildings, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1806, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111806

2022 | R. Dörrie, and H. Kloft: Force-Flow compliant robotic path planning approach for reinforced concrete elements. In Proc. Int. Conf. on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, 2022, pp. 370-375.

2022 | C. Müller, J. Müller, H. Kloft, and J. Hensel :  Design of Structural Steel Components According to Manufacturing Possibilities of the Robot-Guided DED-Arc Process. In: Buildings, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 2154.  (Dec. 2022.) doi: 10.3390/buildings12122154

 

2022 | Lachmayer L., Dörrie R., Kloft H., Raatz A.: Process Control for Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Components. In: RILEM Bookseries Vol. 37, pp. 351-356, (3rd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication (DC 2022), England), (6 pages), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06116-5_52

2022 | Lowke, D.; Gehlen, C.; Kloft, H.; Freund, N.; Matthäus, C.: Bewehrungskonzepte beim 3D-Druck von Konstruktionsbeton. In: BfT International, 02.2021, S. 92.

2022 | Lanwer, J.-P.; Weigel, H.; Baghdadi, A.; Empelmann, M.; Kloft, H.: Jointing Principles in AMC—Part 1: Design and Preparation of Dry Joints. In: Applied Sciences, 2022, 12, 4138
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094138

2022 | Buswell, R. A.; Bos, F. P.; Leal da Silva, W. R.; Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.; Freund, N.; Fromm, A.; Dini, E.; Wangler, T.; Lloret-Fritschi, E.; Schipper, R.; Mechtcherine, V.; Perrot, A.; Vasilic, K.; Roussel, N.: Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials: Process Classification and Case Studies. In: Roussel, N. and Lowke, D. (2022). Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials (Reports 36). RILEM State-of-the-Art. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90535-4_2

2022 | Asprone, D.; Menna, C.; Bos, F.; Mata-Falcón, J.; Ferrara, L.; Auricchio, F.; Cadoni, E.; Cunha, V. M. C. F.; Esposito, L.; Fromm, A.; Grünewald, S.; Kloft, H.; Mechtcherine, V.; Naidu Nerella, V.; Schipper, R.: Structural Design and Testing of Digitally Manufactured Concrete Structures. In: Roussel, N. and Lowke, D. (2022). Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials (Reports 36). RILEM State-of-the-Art. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90535-4_6

2021 | Mai, I.; Brohmann, L.; Freund, N.; Gantner, S.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.; Hack, N.: Large Particle 3D Concrete Printing – A Green and Viable Solution. In: Materials, 14, 6125, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206125.

2021 | Mechtcherine, V.; Buswell, R.; Kloft, H.; Bos, F. P.; Hack, N.; Wolfs, R.; Sanjayan, J.; Nematollahi, B.; Ivaniuk, E.; Neef, T.: Integrating reinforcement in digital fabrication with concrete: A review and classification framework. In: Cement and Concrete Composites, 119, 2021. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103964.

2021 | Lachmayer, L.; Dörrie, R.; Kloft,H.; Raatz, A.: Automated shotcrete 3D printing – Printing interruption for extended component complexity. In: ISARC, 2021.

2021 | Baghdadi, A.; Doerrie, R.; Kloft, H.: New calculation approach for selecting and orienting the reinforcing material for robotic concrete manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2020/21 and the 7th International Conference on Spatial Structures Inspiring the Next Generation. 23 – 27 August, Guilford, UK, 2021.

2021 | Baghdadi, A.; Meshkini, A.; Kloft, H.: Parametric design of in-plane concrete dry joints by FE method and Fuzzy logic toward utilising additive manufacturing technique. In: Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2020/21 and the 7th International Conference on Spatial Structures Inspiring the Next Generation. 23 – 27 August, Guilford, UK, 2021.

2021 | Baghdadi, A.; Meshkini, A.; Kloft, H.: Inspiration of Interlocking Wooden Puzzles for Precast Concrete Construction Conceptual Design of Structures. In: International fib Symposium, September 16-18, Switzerland, 2021.

2021 | Lowke, D.: Injection 3D concrete printing in a carrier liquid – Underlying physics and applications to lightweight space frame structures. In: Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104169.

2021 | Lowke, D.; Gehlen, C.; Kloft, H.; Freund, N.; Matthäus, C.: Bewehrungskonzepte beim 3D-Druck von Konstruktionsbeton. In: BfT International, 02.2021, S. 92, 2021.

2021 | Alaimo, G.; Carraturo, M.; Korshunova, N.; Kollmannsberger, S.: Numerical evaluation of high cycle fatigue life for additively manufactured stainless steel 316L lattice structures. In: Material Design and Processing Communication 3 (4), pp. e249, Wiley, 2021. – DOI: 10.1002/mdp2.249.

2021 | Empelmann, M.; Kloft, H.: Practical solutions in additive manufacturing – Innovative jointing principles. In: BFT International 87, Issue 2, p. 93.

2021 | Kloft, H., Gehlen, C., Dörfler, K., Hack, N., Henke, K., Lowke, D., Mainka, J. and Raatz, A. (2021), TRR 277: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen. In: Bautechnik, 98: 222-231. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202000113.

2020 | Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Lowke, D.: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen: 3D-Betondruck als eine Schlüsseltechnologie für die Digitalisierung der Bauwirtschaft. In: Ingenieurbaukunst 2020 – Made in Germany, Jahrbuch der Bundesingenieurkammer, S. 178-183, 2020.

2020 | Buswell, R.; Kinnell, P.; Xu, J.; Hack, N.; Kloft, H.; Maboudi, M.; Gerke, M.; Massin, P.; Grasser, G.; Wolfs, R.; Bos, F.: Inspection Methods for 3D Concrete Printing. In: RILEM Bookseries 28, pp. 790-803, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_78.

2020 | Kloft, H.; Krauss, H.-W.; Hack, N.; Herrmann, E.; Neudecker, S.; Varady, P.; Lowke, D.: Influence of process parameters on the interlayer bond strength of concrete elements additive manufactured by Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP). In: Cement and Concrete Research 134, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106078.

2020 | Kloft, H.; Empelmann, M.; Hack, N.; Herrmann, E. Lowke, D.: Bewehrungsstrategien für den Beton-3D-Druck. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 115, 2020. – DOI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/best.202000032.

2020 | Baghdadi, A.; Heristchian, M.; Ledderose, L.; Kloft, H.: Experimental and numerical assessment of new precast concrete connections under bending loads. In: Engineering Structures 212, ELSEVIER, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110456.

2020 | Hack, N.; Dressler, I.; Brohmann, L.; Gantner, S.; Lowke, D.; Kloft, H.: Injection 3D Concrete Printing (I3DCP): Basic Principles and Case Studies. In: Materials 2020, 13, 1093, 2020. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051093.

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